A Systematic Review on Trace Materials Analysis via Raman Spectroscopy: Advancements and Forensic Implications
Organized by: International Forensic Scientist Awards
Website: forensicscientist.org
14th Edition of Forensic Scientist Awards 26-27 September 2025 | Mumbai, India
Introduction
In forensic science, the smallest clue can make the biggest difference. Trace materials such as inks, dyes, gunshot residues, and paints often hold crucial information in crime investigations. To analyze such delicate samples, researchers and forensic experts increasingly rely on Raman spectroscopy—a fast, non-destructive, and highly precise analytical tool.
Why Raman Spectroscopy?
One of the strongest advantages of Raman spectroscopy is that it requires little to no sample preparation and leaves the evidence intact, making it an ideal choice for forensic applications. Its ability to provide rapid and reliable results is transforming how forensic laboratories approach trace evidence analysis.
Advancements in the Field
Although traditional Raman spectroscopy has some challenges, such as low sensitivity and fluorescence interference, recent innovations have enhanced its effectiveness:
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Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS): Improves sensitivity by amplifying Raman signals, making it possible to detect even minute traces.
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Resonance Raman Spectroscopy: Helps reduce background noise and enhances signal clarity.
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Micro-Raman Spectroscopy: Allows analysis of extremely small sample areas with high precision.
These techniques collectively unlock the full potential of Raman analysis, providing forensic scientists with more accurate and detailed results.
Applications in Forensic Science
Raman-based methods have shown great promise in examining a variety of trace materials:
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Inks and Dyes: Useful in document examination and forgery detection.
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Gunshot Residues: Provides insights into firearm use.
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Paints and Pigments: Assists in linking suspects, objects, and crime scenes.
By simplifying the process of identifying and characterizing such materials, Raman spectroscopy strengthens the reliability of forensic evidence.
Conclusion
This systematic review, drawing on studies from Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar, highlights how Raman spectroscopy is reshaping forensic trace analysis. Its non-destructive nature, speed, and improved accuracy through advanced techniques make it a promising tool for on-site forensic examinations.
As technology continues to evolve, Raman spectroscopy is likely to become a cornerstone of forensic science, ensuring that even the tiniest traces don’t go unnoticed in the pursuit of justice.
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