The Development of Forensic Science in the Criminal Justice System of England and Wales (2000–2024): A Systematic Review
Organized by: International Forensic Scientist Awards
Website: forensicscientist.org
17th Edition of Forensic Scientist Awards 29-30 December 2025 | Dubai, United Arab
The period between 2000 and 2024 marks one of the most transformative eras in the history of forensic science in England and Wales. Over these two decades, the criminal justice system experienced major structural, technological, and policy-driven changes that improved how scientific evidence is collected, analyzed, and presented in court. This systematic review highlights the evolution of forensic science, the challenges that shaped its trajectory, and the reforms introduced to enhance the reliability and integrity of forensic evidence.
One of the most significant milestones was the expansion and modernization of DNA profiling. Early 2000s technologies evolved into advanced high-sensitivity profiling, rapid DNA systems, and enhanced analytical methods, dramatically increasing the power of forensic identification. Digital forensics also emerged as a critical discipline as cybercrime, mobile phone analysis, and digital evidence became central to both minor and major investigations. Meanwhile, biometric technologies such as fingerprints, facial recognition, and forensic imaging continued to grow in accuracy and investigative value.
A major institutional turning point occurred in 2012 with the closure of the Forensic Science Service (FSS). This decision, driven by financial and operational restructuring, shifted forensic service delivery to private laboratories and police in-house units. While this created opportunities for innovation and competition, it also introduced challenges related to quality control, evidence backlogs, and variable scientific standards across providers. The development of the Forensic Science Regulator’s statutory powers—granted in 2021—was a crucial reform aimed at enforcing accreditation, improving oversight, and ensuring consistency in forensic practices nationwide.
Throughout 2000–2024, courts increasingly relied on forensic evidence, highlighting the need for robust scientific methods and clearer communication between experts and legal professionals. Several high-profile cases exposed gaps in forensic reliability and emphasized the importance of transparency, validation, and proper training. As a result, new guidelines, codes of practice, and national strategies were introduced to strengthen trust in forensic science.
Despite substantial progress, challenges remain. Funding limitations, data handling issues, delays in case processing, and the rapid evolution of digital technologies continue to pressure the system. However, ongoing research, AI-driven forensic tools, biometrics innovation, and enhanced regulatory frameworks promise a more reliable and future-ready forensic landscape.
This systematic review demonstrates that forensic science in England and Wales has evolved into a complex, multidisciplinary field that plays an indispensable role in modern justice. From major scientific breakthroughs to essential policy reforms, the period between 2000 and 2024 reflects a journey of growth, correction, and innovation—shaping the future of forensic science for years to come.
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