Forensic Investigative Genetic Genealogy Based on Low-Quality DNA Whole Genome Sequencing Data
Organized by: International Forensic Scientist Awards
Website: forensicscientist.org
17th Edition of Forensic Scientist Awards 29-30 December 2025 | Dubai, United Arab
Introduction
Forensic science is undergoing a transformative shift with the emergence of Forensic Investigative Genetic Genealogy (FIGG). Traditional DNA profiling methods often fail when biological samples are highly degraded, low quantity, or environmentally compromised. In such challenging cases, Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) has emerged as a powerful tool, enabling investigators to extract meaningful genetic information from even the poorest-quality DNA samples.
This article explores how WGS-based genetic genealogy is revolutionizing forensic investigations, particularly in cold cases and unidentified human remains, where conventional forensic techniques reach their limits.
What Is Forensic Investigative Genetic Genealogy (FIGG)?
Forensic Investigative Genetic Genealogy is an advanced approach that combines forensic genomics with genealogical analysis to identify unknown individuals through distant familial relationships. Unlike traditional STR profiling used in criminal databases, FIGG relies on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) distributed across the genome.
By comparing SNP data obtained from forensic samples with public or law-enforcement-approved genealogy databases, investigators can infer kinship, ancestry, and potential family lines, ultimately narrowing down the identity of an unknown individual.
Challenges of Low-Quality and Degraded DNA in Forensics
Low-quality DNA samples present several analytical challenges, including:
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Severe fragmentation of genetic material
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Chemical damage due to environmental exposure
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Low DNA concentration
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Contamination from multiple sources
Such conditions significantly reduce the success of traditional forensic DNA typing. This is where Whole Genome Sequencing provides a critical advantage.
Role of Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS)
Whole Genome Sequencing enables comprehensive analysis of an individual’s entire genetic code, even when DNA is fragmented or limited. Advanced sequencing platforms and bioinformatics pipelines can reconstruct genomic data by generating millions of short DNA reads.
Key advantages of WGS in low-quality forensic samples include:
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Recovery of usable SNP profiles from degraded DNA
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Increased sensitivity compared to STR analysis
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Improved kinship inference for distant relatives
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Greater robustness in challenging forensic conditions
Through optimized library preparation and low-coverage sequencing strategies, WGS makes genetic genealogy possible where other methods fail.
Applications in Forensic Investigations
WGS-based FIGG is increasingly applied in:
Cold Case Investigations
Unsolved cases involving decades-old biological evidence can now be revisited using modern genomic technologies.
Unidentified Human Remains
FIGG helps restore identity to unknown individuals when fingerprints or dental records are unavailable.
Disaster Victim Identification
WGS enables kinship analysis even when remains are severely compromised.
Criminal Investigations
In cases without direct database matches, genetic genealogy can generate investigative leads while respecting legal frameworks.
Ethical and Legal Considerations
The use of genetic genealogy in forensics raises important ethical, legal, and privacy concerns. Responsible implementation requires:
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Strict adherence to informed consent policies
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Transparent data usage guidelines
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Compliance with jurisdictional regulations
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Oversight by ethical review bodies
Balancing investigative benefits with individual privacy is essential for the sustainable use of FIGG technologies.
Future Perspectives
As sequencing technologies become more cost-effective and computational methods advance, the role of Whole Genome Sequencing in forensic genetic genealogy will continue to expand. Improved algorithms, better reference databases, and standardized protocols are expected to enhance accuracy, efficiency, and ethical governance.
FIGG represents a significant step forward in forensic science—transforming degraded DNA into meaningful investigative intelligence.
Conclusion
Forensic Investigative Genetic Genealogy based on low-quality DNA Whole Genome Sequencing data is redefining what is possible in forensic identification. By overcoming the limitations of traditional DNA profiling, WGS-driven FIGG offers new hope for solving cold cases, identifying unknown individuals, and advancing justice through science.
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