Forensic Typology of Perinatal Deaths in South Korea

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Beyond Neonaticide: Understanding Suspicious Perinatal Deaths in South Korea

Introduction

When we think about crimes involving newborns, the term neonaticide—the killing of a newborn within 24 hours of birth—often comes to mind. But what if the reality is far more complex? Recent forensic research from South Korea shows that perinatal deaths don’t always fit neatly into this definition. Hidden stillbirths, unclear causes, and cases lost in legal ambiguity demand a broader lens.

That’s where the concept of Suspicious Perinatal Deaths (SPD) comes in. Between 2015 and 2021, forensic scientists in South Korea examined this wider category to better understand how and why such tragedies occur.

What the Study Looked At

Researchers analyzed 230 perinatal autopsies, of which 138 cases were classified as SPD—meaning deaths of fetuses (after 24 weeks of gestation) or newborns (within 24 hours) under suspicious circumstances. By carefully reviewing forensic and investigative records, they applied advanced statistical methods to uncover hidden patterns.

Key Findings

  1. Three Distinct Typologies emerged:

    • Adolescent-Dependent – Young, dependent mothers with limited support.

    • Isolated Single-Mother – Women facing childbirth alone, without partners or family.

    • Socially Vulnerable-External Discovery – Cases often found by outsiders, linked to poverty or unstable living conditions.

  2. Changing Trends:

    • Neonaticide cases dropped by over 90%, reflecting legal and social shifts.

    • At the same time, non-neonaticide SPD cases (like induced stillbirths) rose sharply.

  3. Forensic Challenges:

    • In nearly one-third of cases (29%), it was impossible to determine if the baby was ever born alive.

Why This Matters

These findings show that suspicious perinatal deaths aren’t just declining—they’re transforming. Shifts in law, healthcare, and social stigma are reshaping how such cases occur. Importantly, the research suggests that punishment alone isn’t enough. Instead, preventive strategies, social support, and better maternal health care are key to saving lives.

Takeaway

By moving beyond the narrow focus on neonaticide, this study highlights the hidden realities of perinatal deaths in South Korea. Recognizing the different social and forensic profiles behind these tragedies can guide more humane and effective responses—placing prevention and support at the forefront.

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